HIV

HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting certain white blood cells (CD4+ T cells). These cells play a crucial role in defending the body against infections. When the virus destroys enough of these cells, the immune system becomes compromised. 

HIV is a serious STD because its early symptoms are often mild and may go unnoticed. After the initial phase, the virus can remain dormant for years while continuing to weaken the immune system. If left untreated, HIV can lead to severe complications like cancer, dementia, and life-threatening infections such as pneumonia. When HIV reaches this advanced stage, it is referred to as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). 

Like many other STDs, HIV often starts without noticeable symptoms. The progression of the virus occurs in stages, with symptoms varying at each stage: 

• First phase: acute HIV Symptoms typically appear 1 to 6 weeks after infection, as the body begins to respond to the virus. This stage, known as 'acute HIV,' can cause: 
  - Flu-like symptoms: fever, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, fatigue 
  - Swollen glands 
  - Skin rash 
  - Diarrhea
  - Night sweats 
  - In rare cases, ulcers on the mucous membranes in the mouth or genitals 
  - Some people may have no symptoms at all 

These symptoms generally subside within a few days to weeks. 

• Second stage: latent stage During this phase, the virus continues to multiply without causing noticeable symptoms, though it remains contagious. This period can last up to 15 years. 
• Third phase: HIV progresses to AIDS At this stage, the immune system is significantly damaged, and the body becomes susceptible to various infections and illnesses. When HIV advances to AIDS, symptoms vary widely and can include: 
  - Weight loss
  - Shortness of breath 
  - Persistent fatigue 

Common complications during this phase may include: 

• Candida infections 
• Pneumonia 
• Herpes simplex virus infections 
• Tuberculosis 
• Cervical cancer 
• Lymphoma 

Because the immune system can no longer effectively combat these conditions, they can become life-threatening if untreated. 

HIV is found in bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and pre-cum. It can spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or contact with contaminated blood. The virus can also be transmitted when an infected person’s fluids come into contact with an open wound or mucous membrane. 

HIV is most common among individuals with multiple sexual partners, particularly men who have sex with men, as it spreads more easily through anal intercourse. However, anyone can contract the virus, including heterosexual men and women. The infection is also more prevalent in certain regions, such as Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and parts of the Americas.

Practicing safe sex by consistently using condoms is key to preventing HIV transmission. For individuals at higher risk, medications known as PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) can help prevent infection. There are also emergency medications called PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis), which must be taken within 72 hours of a potential exposure to reduce the risk of infection.

HIV can only be reliably detected in the blood about three months after exposure, as it takes time for the body to produce detectable antibodies. The symptoms of acute HIV often resemble the flu, making it challenging to identify without testing. An HIV test is the most effective way to confirm or rule out infection. 

• When to get tested: If you suspect an HIV infection, get tested as soon as possible, keeping in mind that the virus is only detectable 2 weeks to 3 months after exposure. Those who engage in regular unprotected sex or are at higher risk should get tested frequently. A test is essential three months after having unprotected sex with an HIV-positive individual. 
• Types of HIV tests: HIV tests can be performed by a healthcare professional who will collect a blood sample for laboratory analysis. Self-test kits are also available for private testing. If the result is negative but symptoms persist, consult a doctor. 

If diagnosed with HIV, seek treatment immediately to prevent further damage to the immune system. Inform any recent sexual partners, as they will need to be tested as well. 

While HIV cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed with medication. Antiviral drugs prevent the virus from weakening the immune system further, allowing those with HIV to live a normal lifespan if treatment is followed correctly. Medications must be taken daily for life to keep the virus under control. 

HIV treatment involves a combination of antiviral drugs to reduce the viral load in the blood, lowering it to undetectable levels. When this happens, the virus cannot be transmitted to others, provided the medication is taken as directed. 

Different classes of HIV inhibitors target the virus in various ways. Commonly prescribed drugs include: 

• Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) 
  - Tenofovir, Abacavir, Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Emtricitabine, Didanosine 
• Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 
  - Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Etravirine, Rilpivirine 
• Protease Inhibitors (PIs) 
  - Atazanavir, Darunavir, Ritonavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir, Tipranavir, Indinavir 
• CCR5 inhibitors 
  - Maraviroc, Raltegravir 
• Fusion Inhibitors (Entry Inhibitors) 
  - Enfuvirtide 

Treatment plans usually involve a combination of three different inhibitors, though some medications combine multiple drugs in a single pill. If the virus is resistant to a particular treatment, alternative medications will be prescribed. 

• HIV medications can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, headaches, or fatigue. Long-term effects may include nerve pain, diabetes, or blood abnormalities. Consult a doctor if side effects persist or worsen. 
• Take medication as prescribed without missing doses to prevent the virus from developing resistance. Always consider time zones, travel, and lifestyle changes when planning medication schedules. 
• HIV treatment does not protect against other STDs; using condoms remains essential during sexual activity. 

Most HIV treatments, including PrEP and PEP, require a prescription. You can request a course of treatment through Doctoronline, where a doctor will review your case and arrange for discreet delivery of the prescribed medication. 

For more information on HIV, AIDS, or available treatments, consult a doctor or pharmacist.